c) Classify various transport mechanisms across biological membranes. Explain active transport with an example. (8) d) Write a note on Biological membrane (structure & functions). (7) Q2. (Long Answer – 15 Marks) a) Enumerate different routes of drug administration and compare oral vs. IV pharmacokinetics. (7) b) Define bioavailability and bioequivalence . Explain methods to assess bioavailability. (8)
c) Discuss factors affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. (8) d) Write a short note on Dissolution and Noyes-Whitney equation . (7) Q3. (Long Answer – 15 Marks) a) Derive the equation for one-compartment open model – IV bolus. Calculate elimination rate constant (K) given data. (8) b) Explain volume of distribution (Vd) – significance and factors affecting it. (7)
c) What is clearance ? Differentiate between total clearance, renal clearance, and hepatic clearance. (8) d) Calculate the loading dose & maintenance dose for a drug with given Vd, Cl, and desired Cp. (7) Q4. (Long Answer – 15 Marks) a) Explain the two-compartment open model – IV bolus. Draw plasma concentration-time profile. (8) b) Discuss non-linear pharmacokinetics (Michaelis-Menten kinetics) – causes & clinical significance. (7)
