| Tool | Example | Effectiveness | |------|---------|----------------| | Sanctions | Russian oil price cap | Medium (circumvented via shadow fleet) | | Export controls | Chip restrictions on China | High short-term, accelerates indigenous R&D | | Currency weaponization | Dollar vs. yuan/barter systems | Eroding dollar hegemony over 10-20 years | | Critical mineral tariffs | China restricts gallium/germanium | Immediate disruption to Western defense supply chains |
